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associate professor of ophthalmology and vitreoretinal surgery at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota

Research reveals that GLP-1 medications, including semaglutide, do not increase diabetic retinopathy risks, offering reassurance for patients and prescribers.

Q&A: Andrew J. Barkmeier, MD, on the risk of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy with GLP-1 RA use

Retina World Congress 2025 will take place May 8-11. As researchers prepare for their, presentation, we are highlighting the upcoming sessions that are scheduled for this meeting, which will be held in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

Note: The following list of presentations are in alphabetical order by company. Updates will be added to this article as new information becomes available.

The company highlight Phase 2 results for migaldendranib (MGB), Ashvattha’s investigational subcutaneous treatment for wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME). The presentation, entitled, "Emerging Data om Anti-angiogenic Nanomedicine (Migaldendranib MGB/D-4517.2) for AMD and DME" will be given by Michael Singer, MD on Sunday, May 11, 2025; 11:11 – 11:16 am ET.

Phase 2 clinical data demonstrated that MGB administration lowered production of subretinal fluid reducing or eliminating the need for intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment in both the study eye and fellow eye in wet AMD and DME subjects with bilateral disease. New data indicates that MGB may be the first safe systemic therapy for the treatment of wet AMD and DME without ocular adverse events.

Huma Qamar, Chief Medical Officer at Ocugen will represent Ocugen at Retina World Congress to share a presentation and join retinal surgeons and industry peers during a panel discussion.

Inherited and Rare Retinal Diseases Session
Moderated by Rishi P. Singh, MD, FASRS and Kourous A. Rezaei, MD on Thursday, May 8, 2025, 10:35 – 11:12 AM ET

Ocular Therapeutix will present information at the meeting in Fort Lauderdale regarding the axitinib intravitreal hydrogel clinical trials, the use of its candidate OTX-TKI for diabetic retinopathy, and the HELIOS clinical trial for diabetic retinopathy.

Axitinib Intravitreal Hydrogel: Update on Clinical Trials

Presented by Carl C. Awh, MD, FASRS, on Friday, May 9, 2025, 4:33 – 4:38 PM ET.

Presented by Dilsher S. Dhoot, MD, FASRS on Saturday, May 10, 2025, 8:44 – 8:49 AM ET

Volumetric Macular Fluid Analysis of the Impact of a Single Axitinib Intravitreal Injection (OTX-TKI) from the HELIOS Clinical Trial for Diabetic Retinopathy

Presented by Carl J. Danzig, MD on Saturday, May 10, 2025, 8:52 – 8:57 AM ET

The company will present further insights from Stage 1 of the Phase 3 DIAMOND program reinforcing the efficacy and safety profile of OCS-01 eye drops for DME will also be shared. OCS-01 is being developed to be the first non-invasive treatment for DME, addressing key unmet needs for earlier treatment intervention and for inadequate responders to the current standard of care.

Ashvattha Therapeutics to Present at ARVO, Retina World Congress, and AOS Annual Meeting. Ashvattha Therapeutics. April 15, 2025. Accessed April 16, 2025. https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/04/15/3061682/0/en/Ashvattha-Therapeutics-to-Present-at-ARVO-Retina-World-Congress-and-AOS-Annual-Meeting.html

Ocugen to Present on Modifier Gene Therapy Platform at Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology 2025 Annual Meeting and Retina World Congress. Ocugen Inc. April 29, 2025. Accessed April 30, 2025. https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/04/29/3070074/0/en/Ocugen-to-Present-on-Modifier-Gene-Therapy-Platform-at-Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology-2025-Annual-Meeting-and-Retina-World-Congress.html

Ocular Therapeutix™ to Participate in Upcoming Investor and Scientific Conferences. Ocular Therapeutix. April 29, 2025. Accessed April 29, 2025. https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/04/29/3070022/0/en/Ocular-Therapeutix-to-Participate-in-Upcoming-Investor-and-Scientific-Conferences.html

Oculis to Present its Innovative Late-Stage Pipeline Candidates at Upcoming Ophthalmology Conferences. Oculis Holding AG. May 1, 2025. Accessed May 1, 2025. https://www.biospace.com/press-releases/oculis-to-present-its-innovative-late-stage-pipeline-candidates-at-upcoming-ophthalmology-conferences

Companies working in the retina space have announced that data from clinical trials will be shared at this year’s meeting in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

RWC 2025: Companies to share data at meeting in Fort Lauderdale

David S. Liao, MD, PhD, with Retina Vitreous Associates Medical Group in Los Angeles, California, spoke with 

 at the 2025 annual scientific meeting of the American Society of Retina Specialists (ASRS). This event was held in Long Beach, California, from July 30 through August 2, 2025.

Liao gave a presentation at the meeting titled, "Extended efficacy and safety of MCO-010 optogenetic therapy for RP: 126-week results from the RESTORE follow-up study (REMAIN). 

Note: The following conversation has been lightly edited for clarity.

Your presentation discusses the most recent developments in MCO-010 as a treatment for retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Can you share this data with us?

I had the opportunity to present on some long-term follow-up data for MCO-010 in patients with advanced retinitis pigmentosa. So patients with advanced RP, vision no greater than 20/1600 were enrolled in 3 treatment groups, low-dose, high-dose, and sham, and they were followed after a single intravitreal injection up to 100 weeks in the original study and up to 2 1/2 years in the follow-up study. The results really show there are some meaningful improvements in vision. They're durable. The safety profile was favorable. So we're looking forward to the medication continuing to be developed and available to our patients with advanced RP. 

There are several gene therapies for inherited retinal diseases that are in development. How does this candidate, MCO-010, approach treating RP?

As we know, there are so many gene therapies coming up for inherited retinal disease; optogenetics is kind of unique in means of its action. It tries to make nonphotoreceptors sensitive to light. So this can be used in patients with advanced disease. It can be used irrespective of their underlying genetic mutation, so very novel. MCO-010 is unique. It targets bipolar cells. It's sensitive across the visible light spectrum, and uses ambient light. So I think it's a very elegant solution. 

What are the next steps for this continued research?

So based on the long-term follow-up study, they've actually submitted a rolling FDA biological licensing application (BLA). So that will be ongoing. Of course, it will depend on the FDA, but hopefully we'll know some more information, perhaps later next year (2026). I know they are planning on doing some additional studies to get more data on how this treatment performs.

What hope does this MCO-010, as well as the other candidates that are in the pipeline, bring for patients with inherited retinal diseases?

For so long, as retina specialists, we've been seeing our patients with inherited retinal diseases. We've been telling them, "Oh, there'll be something in another 5 years. It'll be something in another 10 years." So something is on the horizon now. It's a meaningful step in vision. The patients, even though they had advanced vision loss, gained approximately 3 lines of Snellen equivalent vision. So this is promising. It's not going to be a cure-all for every patient. But this is another option, and really, it's going to be irrespective of your underlying genetic disease. So it will hopefully help a lot of these patients.

clinical

Q&A: David Liao, MD, PhD, presents the extended efficacy and safety of MCO-010 for RP

Australian investigators identified a potential misdiagnosis rate of 

 of 1.9%. While this is low, they advised clinicians of the potential for dystrophies that mimic 

 and other atrophic macular pathologies to be incorrectly diagnosed. Incorrect diagnosis can lead to inappropriate treatment,

 reported first author Demi Markakis, who was associated with Cabrini Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia, when the study was undertaken, and is now with The Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Australia.

Although inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) have distinct disease processes compared to AMD, IRDs may present with similar clinical phenotype (“phenocopy”), the investigators explained.

“Some develop chorioretinal atrophy, with a similar appearance to GA, the subject of this study. Some IRD phenocopies of GA include drusen,

 and heterozygous variants. Some AMD phenocopies develop reticular pseudodrusen including Sorsby fundus dystrophy,

 autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, late-onset retinal degeneration associated with a mutation in 

 and possibly extensive macular atrophy with a pseudodrusen-like appearance.

 Systemic genetic and acquired complement disorders, such as C3 glomerulonephropathy, can be another phenocopy of drusen in AMD.

 Abetalipoproteinaemia has been described as a cause of isolated macular atrophy simulating late GA.

Clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate ocular gene therapy for more than 20 types of IRDs,

which, unlike AMD, typically appear within the first 3 decades of life. However, the investigators pointed out that differentiating GA secondary to AMD from IRDs is challenging, especially in older patients.

“With treatment options becoming available for both GA and IRDs and diagnosis complicated by the phenotypical similarities shared between the 2 diseases, ensuring patients receive an accurate diagnosis and therefore treatment, is more important than ever, as this will inform the possible treatment modalities. Even though research studies have evaluated the prevalence of some IRD genes in AMD cohorts,

 no studies have looked at this in a real-world clinical setting,” Markakis and colleagues explained.

In light of that, the investigators wanted to determine the possible frequency of misdiagnosis when considering people with a diagnosis of GA secondary to AMD by performing an audit of real-world clinical records from a large ophthalmology practice in Australia.

They conducted a retrospective clinical review of medical records of patients diagnosed with AMD between 1995 and 2023 to identify those diagnosed with GA without drusen, that was further assessed for a potentially missed IRD with macular atrophy. Experts in AMD and IRD then reviewed the identified cases to establish a most likely diagnosis.

A total of 1136 cases were flagged and reviewed. The authors reported a possible rate of misdiagnosis of 1.9%, with 1.0% representing potentially missed IRDs, most commonly pattern dystrophy (0.5%), they pointed out.

They advised using a multimodal approach that includes clinical features and patient history, both to limit the potential to misdiagnose GA and identify a subset of patients who could benefit from genetic testing before considering possible treatments.

Markakis D, Britten-Jones AC, Guymer RH, et al. Retrospective audit reviewing accuracy of clinical diagnosis of geographic atrophy in a single centre private tertiary retinal practice in Australia. 

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-90516-z

Saksens NT, Fleckenstein M, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, et al. Macular dystrophies mimicking age-related macular degeneration. 

 2014;39, 23–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.11.001

de Guimaraes TAC, Kalitzeos A, Mahroo OA, et al. A long-term retrospective natural history study of EFEMP1-associated autosomal dominant drusen. 

 2024;65:31. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.65.6.31.

Taylor RL, Poulter JA, Downes SM, et al. Loss-of-function mutations in the CFH gene affecting alternatively encoded factor H-like 1 protein cause dominant early-onset macular drusen. 

 2019;126:1410–1421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.03.013

Gliem M, Muller PL, Mangold E, et al. Reticular pseudodrusen in Sorsby fundus dystrophy. 

 2015;122:1555–1562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.04.035

Cukras C, Flamendorf J, Wong WT, et al. Longitudinal structural changes in late-onset retinal degeneration. 

. 2016;36:2348–2356. https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000001113

Antropoli A, Bianco L, Condroyer C, et al. Extensive macular atrophy with pseudodrusen-like appearance (EMAP): progression kinetics and late-stage findings. 

. 2024;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2024.04.001 (2024).

Savige J, Amos L, Ierino F, et al. Retinal disease in the C3 glomerulopathies and the risk of impaired vision. 

 2016;37:369–376. https://doi.org/10.3109/13816810.2015.1101777

Alshareef RA, Bansal AS, Chiang A, Kaiser RS. Macular atrophy in a case of abetalipoproteinemia as only ocular clinical feature. 

 2015;50:e43–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjo.2014.12.016

Garafalo AV, Cideciyan AV, Heon E, et al. Progress in treating inherited retinal diseases: early subretinal gene therapy clinical trials and candidates for future initiatives. 

 2020;77:100827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100827

Fuller-Carter PI, Basiri H, Harvey AR, Carvalho LS. Focused update on AAV-based gene therapy clinical trials for inherited retinal degeneration. 

. 2020;34:763–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40259-020-00453-8.

Brar AS, Parameswarappa DC, Takkar B, et al. Gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases: from laboratory bench to patient bedside and beyond. 

 2024;13:21–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-023-00862-2

Kersten E, Geerlings MJ, Pauper M, et al. Genetic screening for macular dystrophies in patients clinically diagnosed with dry age-related macular degeneration. 

 2018;94:569–574. https://doi.org/10.1111/cge.13447

Investigators advised clinicians of the potential for dystrophies that mimic age-related macular degeneration and other atrophic macular pathologies to be incorrectly diagnosed, which can impact treatment. 

Canonical

 Investigators highlight the risk of misdiagnosing geographic atrophy

Now is an exciting time to be a retina specialist. A wave of innovations and regulatory approvals has emerged in the past year that has the potential to change our practice patterns. Although it can be difficult to keep up with what often seems like an endless font of presentations and publications, I would like to highlight a few recent developments that I think are particularly noteworthy.

Aflibercet-abzv: An established therapy in a new package

In August 2024, aflibercept-abzv (Enzeevu; Sandoz) was approved to treat 

neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD)

 As a biosimilar, aflibercept-abzv is considered interchangeable with its reference product, aflibercept (Eylea; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc), which is reassuring to those of us who have been prescribing aflibercept 2 mg for our patients for years. This similarity was confirmed by the results of the phase 3 Mylight study (

), which found that aflibercept-abzv had comparable efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics to aflibercept 2 mg in patients with nAMD after 52 weeks.

A notable advantage for aflibercept-abzv is that it will come in a prefilled syringe. From a workflow perspective, this should help optimize clinic efficiency, especially considering the high number of treatments many practices perform daily. From a safety perspective, use of a prefilled syringe may pose a lower risk of endophthalmitis, with fewer failure points during which contamination could occur. Ultimately, it is great to have another option to integrate into our portfolio of care, and hopefully, the approval of this and other biosimilars will continue to expand access to the best possible therapies for a greater number of patients.

Photobiomodulation: A new approach for dry AMD

Another exciting development in retina has been the approval of the ValedaLight Delivery System (LumiThera) for the treatment of dry AMD.

 is estimated to make up as many as 90% of all AMD cases,

 and a significant proportion of these patients can go on to have vision loss from progression to 

 Despite the enormity of this problem, historically, there has been no approved therapy for preventing the progression of intermediate dry AMD beyond lifestyle considerations, such as smoking cessation and a good diet, and the use of the AREDS/AREDS2 study antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements. The latter, although accessible and low-risk, has demonstrated only a moderate benefit in reducing risk of progression by approximately 25%.

The approval of the Valeda Light Delivery System was based on the results of the randomized, controlled LIGHTSITE III trial (

), wherein patients with dry AMD were given either multiwavelength photobiomodulation or sham treatments over 24 months. We currently have the 13-month results of this trial, which were promising. In LIGHTSIDE III, patients who received photobiomodulation experienced visual acuity gains of 5.4 letters compared with 3.0 letters in patients who received sham. Even more promising, patients who received photobiomodulation had significantly decreased odds of going on to develop GA.

Beyond the promising clinical trial findings, photobiomodulation is also attractive to patients, as it is a quick treatment with no needles and no pill. Although this treatment requires a somewhat onerous schedule of 9 sessions over 3 to 5 weeks repeated 3 times a year, the individual treatments each take only approximately 5 minutes. The patients I have treated with it thus far have found it to be a simple and easy procedure that is comfortable, and they like that they can come in for treatment and then continue the rest of their day without the disruption of blurry or distorted vision.

I am excited at the prospect of having an efficacious therapy to prevent the progression of dry AMD, and I am looking forward to seeing more data about this form of therapy emerge. While 13-month data we have so far is encouraging, I would be interested to see the effects on a large group of patients taken out to 2 to 5 years and beyond. It will obviously take us time to accrue this data, but if the results we have seen so far hold up over time, this has the potential to be an incredibly impactful form of therapy.

Encapsulated cell therapy: The first approved therapy for macular telangiectasia type 2

Another breakthrough we have seen this year has been the approval of revakinagene taroretcel-lwey (Encelto; Neurotech Pharmaceuticals Inc) for the treatment of adults with macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel).

MacTel is an uncommon condition in which the dysfunction of Müller cells, glial cells that support neurons in the retina, leads to destabilization of the outer retina and, ultimately, photoreceptor loss.

 Even when patients with MacTel have good performance on a Snellen chart, they often report significant visual disturbances, such as scotomas and metamorphopsia, and have difficulty with vision-related tasks of daily living.

Historically, there has been no treatment for patients with MacTel and management has consisted solely of monitoring for the development of subretinal neovascularization in a small subset of patients. This can cause rapid vision loss from fluid and hemorrhage and can be treated with anti-VEGF agents.

 However, we have not had any treatment for the underlying disease.

Now we finally have an option to offer patients with MacTel. Revakinagene taroretcel-lwey is an encapsulated cell therapy, in which retinal pigment epithelial cells that have been genetically modified to produce ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) are encased in a semipermeable membrane, which is then anchored to the sclera. Once implanted, the cells within the capsule can subsist on nutrients present in the vitreous. The CNTF produced by these cells can then easily reach the retina.

The approval of revakinagene taroretcel-lwey was based on the results of 2 phase 3 clinical trials, which demonstrated a statistically significant difference in rate of change in ellipsoid zone area, a proxy measure for photoreceptor loss, through 24 months between eyes treated with revakinagene taroretcel-lwey and eyes treated with sham. Treatment with revakinagene taroretcel-lwey was also found to slow the loss of retinal sensitivity and reading speed. Revakinagene taroretcel-lwey was generally well tolerated, with the majority of treatment-emergent ocular adverse events being related to surgery.

Of course, treatment with revakinagene taroretcel-lwey only slows progression of the disease and does not reverse vision loss. As such, there will be a bit of a learning curve to figure out which patients will most benefit from this treatment and when in the disease course intervention is most beneficial, but the approval of this truly novel therapy after decades of research represents a significant milestone for our field. This platform is also interesting and can be used to treat other retinal diseases as well.

The confluence of many factors has led to the highly dynamic level of change we are currently experiencing in retina, including an aging population and an increase in our patient base, improvements in imaging techniques that allow us to better understand pathophysiology, and improvements in our ability to engineer biologic therapies. These changes show no sign of abating, and I look forward to how future advances will continue to reshape how we treat and care for our patients.

Garg is codirector of retina research on the Retina Service at Wills Eye Hospital, a partner with Mid Atlantic Retina, and is professor of ophthalmology at the Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, both in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Garg reports being a consultant for the American Academy of Ophthalmology, Apellis, Bausch+Lomb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck Manuals, and West Pharmaceutical Services. Garg has reported performing contracted research for Adverum, Alexion, the American Academy of Ophthalmology, Annexon, Apellis, Astellas, Avonelle-X, Boehringer Ingelheim, Genentech, Gyroscope, Iveric Bio, Jefferson, KCRN, Kodiak, Lineage Cell Therapeutics, MUST Network, NGM Bio, Ocugen, OcuTerra, Opthea, Regeneron, REGENXBIO, and Roche/Genentech. Dr Garg reports having served on an advisory board for Coherus. Garg reports having received lecture fees from the Canadian Ophthalmological Society, Evolve, Physicians’ Education Resource

Sandoz receives FDA approval for Enzeevu (aflibercept-abzv), further strengthening US biosimilar position. Press release. Sandoz. August 12, 2024. Accessed May 27, 2025. https://www.sandoz.com/sandoz-receives-fda-approval-enzeevutm-aflibercept-abzv-further-strengthening-us-biosimilar/

Bordon AF, Kaiser PK, Wolf A, et al. Efficacy and safety of the proposed biosimilar aflibercept, SDZ-AFL, in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration: fifty-two-week results from the phase 3 Mylight study. 

. 2024;44(10):1704-1713. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000004174

LumiThera obtains FDA authorization of Valeda treatment for dry AMD patients to improve vision. Press release. LumiThera Inc. November 4, 2024. Accessed May 27, 2025. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20241104299697/en/LumiThera-Obtains-FDA-Authorization-of-Valeda-Treatment-for-Dry-AMD-Patients-to-Improve-Vision

Fernandes AR, Zielińska A, Sanchez-Lopez E, et al. Exudative versus nonexudative age-related macular degeneration: physiopathology and treatment options. 

. 2022;23(5):2592. doi:10.3390/ijms23052592

Leng T, Schwartz J, Nimke D, et al. Dry age-related macular degeneration: distribution of visual acuity and progression risk in a large registry. 

. 2023;12(1):325-340. doi:10.1007/s40123-022-00583-y

Evans J. Antioxidant supplements to prevent or slow down the progression of AMD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 

. 2008;22(6):751-760. doi:10.1038/eye.2008.100

Boyer D, Hu A, Warrow D, et al. LIGHTSITE III: thirteen-month efficacy and safety evaluation of multiwavelength photobiomodulation in nonexudative (dry) age-related macular degeneration using the LumiThera Valeda Light Delivery System. 

. 2024;44(3):487-497. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000003980

Neurotech’s ENCELTO (revakinagene taroretcel-lwey) approved by the FDA for the treatment of macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel). Press release. Neurotech Pharmaceuticals Inc. March 6, 2025. Accessed May 27, 2025. https://www.neurotechpharmaceuticals.com/wp-content/uploads/Neurotech_Press-Release_BLA_Approval_FINAL.pdf

Kedarisetti KC, Narayanan R, Stewart MW, Reddy Gurram N, Khanani AM. Macular telangiectasia type 2: a comprehensive review. 

. 2022;16:3297-3309. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S373538

Clemons TE, Gillies MC, Chew EY, et al; Macular Telangiectasia Research Group. The National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire in the Macular Telangiectasia (MacTel) Project. 

. 2008;49(10):4340-4346. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-1749

Tao W. Application of encapsulated cell technology for retinal degenerative diseases. 

. 2006;6(7):717-726. doi:10.1517/14712598.6.7.717

Albini TA. Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled studies of the efficacy and safety of revakinagene taroretcel in macular telangiectasia type 2. Presented at: Retina World Congress; May 9-12, 2024; Fort Lauderdale, FL.

Catch up on recent advancements in retina care, including new therapies for age-related macular degeneration and macular telangiectasia, enhancing patient outcomes.

Navigating the most recent FDA approvals in retina

German researchers described a rare case of tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome in a teenager,

 the management of which requires a multidisciplinary approach.

TINU is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the kidneys and eyes concurrently; in the eyes, the most common presentation is bilateral, nongranulomatous anterior 

 TINU predominantly affects adolescents and young adults, with a median onset time around 14 to 15 years of age,

 according to Markus Kerner, MD, a general practitioner in Neuffen, Germany, and colleagues.

The clinical presentation is heterogeneous and often nonspecific.

 Renal manifestations may include fatigue, flank discomfort, polyuria, or signs of acute kidney injury

; ocular symptoms are bilateral anterior uveitis with pain, photophobia, or visual disturbances.

 However, some patients can be asymptomatic, and uveitis may be discovered incidentally on ophthalmologic examination,

Renal and ocular symptoms can occur simultaneously or sequentially, which may delay diagnosis.

 Uveitis frequently persists or can relapse.

They described the case of a 15-year-old girl who presented to her general practitioner with complaints of fatigue and polyuria. She also reported a recent intentional weight loss. The onset of TINU occurred after she started treatment with sertraline for depression, suggesting a possible drug trigger.

Evaluation revealed acute kidney injury with elevated serum creatinine and a tubular pattern of proteinuria, mild anemia, elevated ferritin levels, and abnormal urinalysis with proteinuria, glucosuria, hematuria, and microalbuminuria; the patient was admitted to a pediatric hospital. A renal biopsy confirmed acute, nongranulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis. An ophthalmologic examination revealed bilateral anterior uveitis, confirming the TINU syndrome diagnosis.

A rare case of tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome in a teenager highlights the importance of multidisciplinary diagnosis and management.

Andrew J. Barkmeier, MD

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